Nuclar Energy Pros Essay - 1157 Words

In our society, nuclear energy has become one of the most criticized forms of energy by the environmentalists. Thus, a look at nuclear energy and the environment and its impact on economic growth. Lewis Munford, an analyst, once wrote, quot;Too much energy is as fatal as too little, hence the regulation of energy input and output not its unlimited expansion, is in fact one of the main laws of life.quot; This is true when dealing with nuclear power. Because our societies structure and processes both depend upon energy, man is searching for the most efficient and cheapest form of energy that can be used on a long term basis. And because we equate power with growth, the more energy that a country uses, -the greater their expected economic†¦show more content†¦Because the energy technology that society employs directly influences the quantity and quality of life, the energy option that is chosen should have the greatest cost- benefit effectiveness as well as maximizing flexibility and purchases. However, those who believe in continuous energy consumption growth, seem to forget that there is only a limited supply of energy in every energy system, and to quot;overdoquot; an y resource may provide for an unacceptable impact upon global and regional ecology. Thus, if the business world pushes the environment as far as it can go, Ceribus Paribus, please refer to figure 1. Thus, to use petroleum as a substitute for uranium, which is needed to power the nuclear system, would not be economically or environmentally sensible. I say this because, first of all, there is a major supply of uranium considering it was one of the last energy sources to be found as well as only a small amount of it is required to produce a lot of energy. Secondly, petroleum gives off carbon monoxide which is one of the reasons for ozone depletion; whereas, the uranium does not give off pollution except that it produces plutonium which needs to be buried for more than fifty years to get rid of its

Why Dogs Make Good Pets - 838 Words

353 Listening Log Name: Joanne Wu Total time: 399 mins (Please delete this example when creating your own log.) Date: 5/11Time:20:5920:5920:5920:59Level:2 | Title: Source/Link: Source Time: | Vocabulary:NonverbalPowerfulPowerlessHormone | | Notes:The speaker talked about two different body languages, one is high power posed and the other one is low power posed. They showed totally different. For example, when we won the match, we automatically high our hands to show that we are happy. This posed is universal. On the other hand, when people felt sad, they will look at the low position. However, she also mentioned that the body language could change our mind. We can fake it and then become real through body language. She said it†¦show more content†¦She has her own three mathematically verifiable tips for love. The first one is: how to win at online dating. She said that there are lots of beautiful models in the world, but they are not really attractive. People can try to be attractive rather than being the prettiest or the most handsome people in the world. The second she mentioned is how to pick a perfect person. To imagine that you are finding for the right person to marry, and you would like to know which person you date is suitable to you. There is one theory can help us, called optimal stopping theory. For example, if you start dating when you are 15 years old, and you ideal marriage time is 35 years old, the math says that you should choose the person who is after 37 percent of your first dating windows. The last one is how to avoid divorce. According to the mathematics, there are some equations reflect the relationship between the couple. For example, what will happened when wife get angry before the husband get angry? I think these mathematics are really interesting, but I also believe that if we follow the love that god gave us, it will be the truth love. | | Date:Time:Level: | Title:Source/Link: Source Time: | Vocabulary: | | Notes: | | Date:Time:Level: | Title:Source/Link: Source Time: | Vocabulary: | | Notes: | |Show MoreRelatedEssay on Pets Can Change Any Person or Even Entire Families888 Words   |  4 Pagesaffection and happiness and just from that one little lick you get from your pet, your whole day turns around for the better. Pets can change any one person or a whole family for ever with everything they do every day. Pets give as they receive so if you shower them with love every day they will do the same for you. â€Å"Talk to someone about themselves and they’ll listen for hours† - Dale Carnegie. They are also very good listeners for the times when you need to vent or just talk about anything butRead MoreWhy Dog Make Better Pets Than Cats Comparison/Contrats Essay604 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Dogs Make Better Pets Than Cats. Dogs and cats are most pets that are seen with their owner. These two animals make good pets to have. Dogs are physical and fun animals that runs with a flock of their inheritance. Cats are feminine and spoil animals that like to have its way. When it comes down to choose the better pet, dogs are better pets than cats. Some pet owners think dog and cat food the same. Dogs have better food to eat because the type of dogs I like can eat some of the same foodRead MoreA Mans Best Friend Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesdefender, and your dog. You are his life, his love, and his leader. He will be yours, faithful, and true, to the last beat of his heart. You owe it to him to be worthy of such devotion.† –Unknown. 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Dr. Erica Feuerbacher said that past studies show petting as a way to lower our dog’s heart rate and blood pressure. This is very much similar on how human contact can help improve human’s health as well. The professor and director of the Canine Science Collaboratory in Arizona, Dr. Clive Wynne, also conducted a study where he and his team of researchers found that dogs show more interest on those peole who pet them rather than those who only give them verbal praises.Read MorePersuasive Essay About Pet Food1632 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen happening in the pet food industry for centuries. The pet food industry has been fooling us for years. The pet food industry is something that is overlooked on and due to this, the industry is not as tightly regulated than it should be. The pet food industry needs to be more strictly regulated because what we are feeding to our pets now are doing more harm than good. The leniency of the FDA towards pet food is leading to the slow, unknowingly, deterioration of our pets. Further research is nowRead MorePersuasive Speech : Kids Should Have A Pet Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesshould have a pet to help them growth Introduction I. â€Å"Owners of dogs will have noticed that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they will think you are god. Whereas owners of cats are compelled to realize that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they draw the conclusion that they are gods.† ― Christopher Hitchens, The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever II. I believe many of us had expected to have a pet when we wereRead MoreIs Animality Very Different Than How We Look At Humanity?1073 Words   |  5 Pagesnatural unrestrained unreasoned response to physical drives or stimuli. I think these two words have more in common than what makes them different. What if one day we could actually have a conversation with the animals that we keep as pets such as dogs, cats, or even the ant farm that we have on the desk in our study room. How would we treat the animals that we kill to make the food that we eat such as the cows eating in the field or the chickens people raise for eggs on the farm. Would these animalsRead MoreShelters Vs. Pet Shops1095 Words   |  5 Pages Shelters vs. Pet Shops INTRODUCTION I.Have you ever gone to a pet shop and seen all of the cute little puppies and wondered where they came from? Well, chances are they came from a puppy mill. II.I m sure many of you in here have, or have had dogs. Either you rescued them, bought them from a cute little pet shop, or you got it from some creepy guy off of craigslist. III.I have done countless research over the past few weeks regarding these puppy mills. Additionally, my parents haveRead MoreAnimal Abuse : Puppy Mills1449 Words   |  6 PagesPuppy Mills are large breeding areas where dogs are just produced at an over abundance. The cruelty that lies around a puppy mill is unthinkable. The profit of these dogs is put over the well being of them, it’s all about the money. Most of the puppies people will see at pet stores come right from a puppy mill, and are prone to either already being sick or it’s just the beginning of health problems to come. If puppy mills were shut down, many of the Pet stores that sell puppies would more than likely

The Profiling and the underrepresented ethical issues in DNA

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues of Having National DNA Profiling ? Answer: Introduction The world is changing regarding technological Mangement advancement to solve problems that could previously be assumed. The strides taken in the field of information communication and technology clearly shows how work is made easier as compared to the traditional methods employed to solve the same issues. The Australia, for instance, has been on the forefront of advancement of DNA profiling technology and this has assisted in the fight against crime. There has been a proposition for this concern due to the increased disadvantages arising from adopting that system. In fact, the National DNA profiling has significantly impacted on the lives of people more so when accidents and criminal acts are experienced. Moreover, lost people have been found and their identity established. Therefore the move relatively seems to be fruitful although it still faces some challenges that are yet to be established. Therefore in-depth analysis of National DNA profiling and the current controversies are bound to shed light on the subject. Ethical analysis of having National DNA profiling Familial search The DNA profiling enhances in the familial searching. The DNA process involved in search of a family member is enabled due to the analysis of the facts underlying the DNA strand. The DNA is composed of repetitive sections called the short tandem repeats (STRs) (Smith Mann, 2015). These parts are distinct among the individuals, and their repetitive nature dictates how easy the identification of the person is to be conducted. The right thing with the DNA is that there is the demonstration of genetic relationship when the STR sections are analyzed. This is because these parts are shared among the family members. Biologically, it is true that the parents share a half of their STRs with their children, therefore, forming the basis for familial searching. Also, there the familial searching is conducted to identify the individual during crime investigations (Smith Mann, 2015). In several cases, robbers are involved in the direct shooting with the police, a situation that might result in d eath. If the criminal is gunned down the DNA is conducted, and the probabilistic nature of the system is credible to show the familial relationships that might exist between the criminal and the identified relative. The evidence at the crime scene may not be enough to yield positive results, but there is a possibility of a fruitful investigation if the partial match is identified from a little sample obtained from that particular scene. Kinship conformation Relationship matching has been enabled by the National DNA profiling whereby the process has made it possible to identify the relatives of the victims of airplane crashes and other severe forms of accidents. Moreover there time consumed to determine the bodies of the victims is reduced. For instance, the plane crash that occurred in Malaysia in 2014 was one of the greatest disasters due to the increased cases of family members missing their relatives (Wallace, Jackson, Gruber Thibedeau, 2014). This was contributed by the intensity of the accident which tore apart the dedicated members making it impossible to recognize them. All in there were family members who took a long time before their relatives were found. Through the application of DNA profiling, kinship matching bore positive results, and within a few days, all the bodies had been identified and matched with their relatives. Mitochondrial DNA The Mitochondria DNA profiling is essential in the identification of the sibling and other family members. The mitochondria are well known for the part they play in the production of energy. Because these mitochondria are inherent, that is, they are transmitted through birth; it is possible to form the basis for identification (Yourgenome, 2015). This profiling technology is applicable in the cases of fire where the victims are reduced to bones. The advantage of this system is that the mitochondria are born in the bone marrow thereby implying that a small sample of the bone marrow is bound to yield tangible evidence. Another advantage of the DNA profiling is the fact that it goes to the extent of identifying the ethnic and physical aspect of the victim (Willis, 2013). This is essential to simplify the procedure of investigating the geographic ancestry of the victim. In short, the interested members can be identified with their places of origin, therefore, saving the countries a lot o f resources that could have been used to make unending follow-ups of the victim. Diseases identification The National DNA profiling has also been a key player in the determination of susceptibility of certain individuals to contract some serious illness. This has helped the Medicare researchers to up their game in implementation and formulation of strategies aimed at discovering new drugs to treat such diseases. There DNA profiling has also assisted in tracing some ailments to a given family and dictating how the disease can be transmitted to the other members of the society (Michael, 2010). The public health has improved as a result of the applicability of the DNA system because solutions to some ailments have been found. Controversial Ethical issues of National DNA profiling Limited autonomy The controversy arises where the DNA profiling interferes with the freedom of the victims. The involved members are faced with the problems of exercising their self-esteem aspect of life more so if the DNA testing is not controlled (Williams Johnson, 2006). For instance, the public health providers abuse the right to independence of individual patients. In this case, when the testing is conducted it is the mandate of the patient to specify how the results are supposed to be handled. Self-freedom is denied where the resulting tests are not presented to the patient to make a final decision on the issue. By neglecting this right, patients are exposed to a world of rejection after the relatives learn of the seriousness of the disease (Sadler, 2012). The need to include the concerned members in decision making is crucial since it prevents the victim from harassment and inadequate treatments by the nurses after realizing the disease is incurable. Incomplete information The issue of conducting the DNA testing to the victims without informing them of the benefit of the process is killing our generation. In public health, there is a tendency of the medical providers to conceal the information concerning the purpose of DNA profiling (Beemsterboer, 2010). Conversely, the patients end up retaliating in an attempt to understand the reason behind conducting such a process. Instead of the doctors to come down and explain the benefits associated with the process, they end up leaving the patients untreated and confused. Moreover, it is against the wishes of the interested members to allow the removal of body tissues without having prior knowledge of the treatment (Buckleton, Bright Taylor, 2016). Therefore the doctors and other related parties should create a conducive environment for the patients to understand the reason for treatment instead of leaving them unattended after retaliation. Probabilistic Results The criminal investigation department uses the DNA testing on the ground of probability, therefore, proving the method inefficient. In connection with this issue, there arise cases where the victims DNA profile closely matches that one of other people. The resulting action by the police is to arrest the innocent individuals who are sentenced life imprisonments. This implies that the DNA evidence is not perfect enough to depend on thereby recommending for the search of extra information concerning the victim to serve as the basis for evidence. The Medicare providers and health researcher are known to interfere with the results of DNA evidence (Gowrishankar Nandineni, 2016). This is mostly caused by the malicious doctors who do not keenly observe the procedure regarding the DNA testing. This ends up illustrating poor results concerning the patient. This further exposes the patient to reduced medication that might cause death. There is an inclusion of corruption by the police. Therefor e, the results can be incredible. Discrimination The ability of the DNA testing to define the ethnic group of the victims substantially supports discrimination. The bias extends to the judgment decision that might be legally inappropriate but applicable by a mere mention of the ethnic group of the victim. In most cases, there have been reports detailing the harsh treatment of the victims in prison and the health sectors (Enzinger et al., 2016). Moreover, the career perspective of the victim is bound to be affected if the private details of the employee are exposed. Also, there is a possibility of the involved parties to be sacked if some of the DNA results are released to the employers and other members of the public. For example, cancer and people living with HIV are assumed to weak and incapable of delivering quality and efficient work irrespective of the antiretroviral that boosts their morale and health. The sharing of the DNA profiles of the countries can result to information hacking hence proving the results not genuine. Four Ethical Theories Utilitarianism theory The Consequentialism (utilitarianism) theory posits that the effectiveness or the ineffectiveness of an individual action should be measured regarding the results that action produces. It acknowledges Mnagement fundamental function of pleasure and pain in human life. For example, taking DNA profile for a willing person brings more pleasure to that individual but a lot of pain is created from the process after the same person is wrongly convicted of crime. The theory goes on to highlight that the results of the action should be that one which yields the greatest happiness (Gill, 2001). This method results to two principles that focus on the social utility and that it should be measured regarding happiness produced. In connection to the DNA profiling, the activity should be conducted to fit the will if the people. That is, it should be carried out by the individuals who have the victims consideration in mind to ensure healthy living for all. Deontology theory The deontology (duty-based) theory explains the rightness or wrongness of particular actions without regard of the badness or goodness of the consequences. Immanuel Kant supports his postulation that morality is laid on the ground of the obligations that people have on one another (Gill Werrett, 1985). This means that the responsible parties in a given service department are supposed to carry out their duties effectively without being forced or manipulated with money. As a rule, various actions are right or wrong in themselves irrespective of the repercussions .This is because they exposed to the working environment that does not support any corruption, therefore serving people rightly should be their key concern. In brief, achieving desirable results and promotion of happiness are no way connected to the morality. With regards to the DNA testing profile, the victims should not practice corruptive methods to have their grievances met; instead, they should pressurize the investigatio n team to act rightly as per the expectation of the morality code of ethics. The healthcare providers are also cautioned to execute their duties accordingly without bias as a result of DNA testing and cultivate the fruits of righteousness for the benefits of every individual. Social contract-based theory Social contract-based theory illustrates that morality is enhanced through contractual agreements between the people. According to Thomas, Hobbes people are expected to behave positively due to the advantage provided by the agreement (Gill et al., 1997). The set rules involve the key players hence there must be an inclusion of grievances of these players and achievement of their wishes so as to lay the background from which motivation is found. About the DNA profiling system, the criminal investigation department is mandated with the responsibilities of giving incentives and allowances to the interested groups to conduct their duties in a transparent manner in ensuring credible results. The public health also should meet the needs of the Medicare providers to motive them to work positively. There also should be close monitoring of these individuals to ensure they conform to the rules pertaining patients care. Character based theory Character based ethical theories postulate that the nature of a person is dependent on the nature of the individual to acquire viable traits as they grow. These traits are learned through training consequently enabling the individual to be courageous and live well. An upright person is the one who is motivated to do right things. Concerning DNA profiling, the investigation officers can not only be motivated by the set rules and incentives but also the central character if an individual (Jobling Gill, 2004). If they were born and grew on the grounds of low social motives, no way they can be friendly and neutral to some issues. In short, there is a promising future for the nurses and the police departments to exercise morality on good will by intensive training. Moreover, such departments should always absorb those participants who have recorded good prerequisite behaviors and recommendations. Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics (ACS) Honesty The declaration of honesty entails honest representation of skills, products, services and knowledge. It highlights that the interested person should not knowingly perform any misleading act to the clients for any favor. It further enables someone to give realistic estimates of any the project at the disposal (Leicester, N. (2016). It also cautions someone not to misrepresent personal knowledge and in turn allow professional opinions based on limited experience. Conclusively, by incorporating all the elements mentioned above of honesty, National DNA profiling procedures are expected to yield positive results. Conclusion All in all, the dilemma masking the National DNA profile system has been analyzed. It is worth noting that the DNA profiling is crucial and should be accorded reasonable attention. Briefly, the process should be conducted in a free and fair manner to enhance healthy living for every citizen Recommendations The healthcare sector should positively respond to the rights of the patients and none of them should be omitted. The nation should lead its citizens in campaign against ethnicity and corruption. By doing so results of the DNA tests should bring integration rather than separation of people. References Beemsterboer, P. (2010). Ethical decision making. Dimensions of Dental Hygiene, 8(6), 78-81. Buckleton, J. S., Bright, J. A., Taylor, D. (Eds.). (2016).Forensic DNA evidence interpretation. CRC press.Concepts. Enzinger, E., Morrison, G. S., Ochoa, F., De Wael, K., Lepot, L., Lunstroot, K., Gason, F. (2016). Advances in plant genomics have had an impact on the field of forensic botany. However, the use of pollen DNA profiling in forensic investigations has yet to be applied. Five volunteers wore a jacket with Pinus echinata pollen-containing cotton swatches for a 14-day period. Pollen decay was evaluated at days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 14 by microscopy. Pollen grains were then transferred to slides using a portable...Science Justice,56(1), 29-34. Gill, P. (2001). Application of low copy number DNA profiling.Croatian medical journal,42(3), 229-232. Gill, P., Brinkmann, B., d'Aloja, E., Andersen, J., Bar, W., Carracedo, A., ... Kloosterman, A. D. (1997). Considerations from the European DNA profiling group (EDNAP) concerning STR nomenclature.Forensic Science International,87(3), 185-192. Gill, P., Jeffreys, A. J., Werrett, D. J. (1985). Forensic application of DNA fingerprints.Nature,318(6046), 577-579. Gowrishankar, J., Nandineni, M. R. (2016). Forensic science: Why India is rooting for its DNA identification Act.logy, 29. Jobling, M. A., Gill, P. (2004). Encoded evidence: DNA in forensic analysis.Nature Reviews Genetics,5(10), 739-751. Leicester, N. (2016). Ethics in the IT Profession: Does a Code of Ethics have an Effect on Professional Behaviour?.Criminal Justice, (506), 1-7. Michael, K. (2010, June). The legal, social and ethical controversy of the collection and storage of fingerprint profiles and DNA samples in forensic science. InTechnology and Society (ISTAS) Management, 2010 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 48-60). IEEE. Sadler, G. B. (2012). Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism and The Hedonic Calculus - Philosophy Core Smith, M. Mann, M. (2015). Recent developments in DNA evidence. Trends and Issues in Crime and Wallace, H.M., Jackson, A.R., Gruber, J. Thibedeau, A.D. (2014). Forensic DNA databasesEthical andlegal standards: A global review. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences (4), 5763. Williams, R. Johnson, P. (2006). Effectiveness and Intrusiveness: Issues in the Developing Usesof DNA Profiling in Support of Criminal Investigations. J Law Med Ethics, 33(3), 545558. Willis, P. (2013). Your Genetic Profile: Ethics and Legal issues. Yourgenome (2015). Is it ethical to have a national DNA database?

Medea Essay Example

Medea Essay It has long been debated whether in the play Medea, Medea was attempting vengeance or justice on Jason.In order to have this argument, you mustfirst find out what vengeance is and what justice is.Vengeance is the act of revenge, getting back someone who has wronged you.Justice is fairness, the act of setting something or someone equal.Therefore, the real argument is whether Jason has committed more wrongs to Medea than Medea has committed against him. It is true, of course, that Medea had done many things for Jason.Medea explained all this when she said, I cheated my father for you and tame the fire-breathing Brazen-hoofed bulls; I saved your life in the field of teeth. I poisoned the great serpent and got you the Golden Fleece; and fled with you, and killed my brother when he pursued us, making myself abominable in my own home; and then in yours I got your enemy Pelias hacked to death by his own daughters hands.. My rapid and tricky wisdom: you it has served, You it has served well : here are five times. (Medea 255)However, Jason has done many things for Medeas benefit.Jason explains, . I carried you out of the dirt and superstition of Asiatic Colchis into the rational sunlight of Greece, and the marble music of the Greek temples.. I have brought you to meet thefirst minds of our time, and to speak as an equal with the great heroes and the rulers of the cities (Medea 256)Jason has offered Mede! a a good life, one which she could have lived happily with her children in Greece.But Medea let her hatred for Jason get in the way of her life.She time and time again insulted Creon and brought exile onto herself.Jason explained, You have once more affronted and insulted the head of Corinth.This is not thefirst time.Ive seen what a fool anger is.You might have lived here happily, secured and honored.. by being just a little de

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis Writing a literary analysis essay about a classical literary work is a common assignment in literature courses. Not only does it force students to read the original text, but it also pushes them to delve into the author’s opinions and commentaries on the text. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the richest novels when it comes to themes and ideas, which is why many instructors choose it for literary analysis write-ups. If you have this book on your reading list and have to write a literary analysis on it, refer to the list below to decide on an aspect to tackle. If you want to come up with your own idea, check our 10 facts on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a literary analysis. Without further ado, the topics: The Role of Pearl in Hester’s Transformation An Exploration of the Relationship between Hester’s Identity and the Scarlet Letter The Contrast between Herter’s Self-Created Identity and the One Which Society Assigns to Her The Scarlet Letter as a Commentary on the American History The Use of Symbols: Puritan vs. the Narrator The Functions of Physical Settings in the Scarlet Letter An Analysis of Chillingworth’s Ideas of Revenge Pearl: A Blessing and a Curse for Hester Pearl as a Symbol of Hester’s Conscience The Contrasting Behavior of Children and Adults in the Scarlet Letter Hawthorne’s Ideas of the Inherently Flawed Human as Presented in The Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne: When Women Break Cultural Bonds and Gain Personal Power Sphere Imagery: Purpose and Effectiveness The Scarlet Letter: An Embodiment of the Tradition of Romanticism? The Difference between Hester and Dimmesdale An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help In Character Development in the Scarlet Letter The Literary Devices in the Scarlet Letter: Types, Usage and Effect on Persuasiveness Hypocrisy and Conformity in the Scarlet Letter Sin in the Puritan Community: A Comparison between the Punishments of Men and Women Hester Prynne: A Sinner and a Saint You can use these topics as is or tweak them a little to suit the purpose of your thesis. If you wish to explore a more specific aspect, you can choose to refine any of the topics from our list. This will ensure that you choose something substantial and relevant. A sample essay is added below to help inspire your literary analysis. The following lines explore the symbolism of the major characters in the text. Sample Literary Analysis: An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help in Character Development in the Scarlet Letter ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the prominent romance novels despite not appearing to be one. It delves deeply into the Puritan community, highlighting its rigid rules of life and how its members could suffer by going against them. One of the aspects that make ‘The Scarlet Letter’ truly immortal is the author’s extensive use of symbols. Therefore, in order to understand the text, it is necessary to analyze the myriad of symbols presented. In literature, a symbol is often a concrete idea used to represent a more complex, abstract idea. This idea is broader in meaning and scope, and is usually a religious, philosophical or moral concept. The Puritans view the world through allegories. Simple patterns of nature such as a meteor moving through the sky held a deeply religious meaning. This is just one facet of the repressive thinking. Hawthorne shows their moral attitudes in a different light through the symbolism of his characters. The Puritan society looks at Hester as a woman fallen from grace, Dimmesdale as a saint-like personality, and was likely to consider Chillingworth as a victim and a betrayed husband. The author turns these interpretations around; he ultimately shows Hester as a sensitive human being, strips Dimmesdale of his saint-like faà §ade, and reveals Chillingworth as an offender of humanity who pursues evil and revenge. The Puritan mentality refuses to accept the reality of these characters. Hester is shunned and Dimmesdale’s confession is not believed by many people. This shows that underneath the public displays of piety so favored by Puritanism, there exists a grim underside that goes unseen. The static and stagnant thinking of the Puritanical society is shown through the transformation of characters as symbols and the subsequent refusal of the society to accept this change. Hester is a fallen woman in the beginning; she is publically shamed and shunned, causing her to suffer greatly. She struggles to understand the letter’s symbolic meaning only to come out as a strong woman in the end. Hester gains a unique understanding of humanity and the struggles of other people. As Hawthorne says, The tendency of her fate and fortunes had been to set her free. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Dimmesdale is a private sinner; his sins remain a secret. His public face presents a stark contrast with his private face. The Colony of Massachusetts looks at him as an embodiment of sanctity and goodness, but this is just a faà §ade. Dimmesdale struggles internally and drowns in the storm raging between his holiness and guilt. Dimmesdale is a symbol of hypocrisy and moral weakness. He refuses to do the right thing and the reader comes to view his piety as something superficial. Ultimately, he manages to redeem his soul, albeit quite late. Pearl is by far the strongest of the allegorical images in this text. She symbolizes the freedom of nature. Hester views her as the living hieroglyphic of her sin. Hester describes Pearl to the community leaders by saying, â€Å"she is my happiness! - she is my torture. . . See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million-fold the power of retribution for my sin? The Scarlet Letter displays symbols through characterization, colors, location and light. The author’s brilliant use of these symbols and their transformation is a major reason for the acclaim and popularity of this classical work and why it has become a peerless example of romance novels. After reading this analysis, you probably have a few suggestions and thoughts to make it appear better. So, quickly jot those down and begin creating an outline for your own literary analysis. If you need more help with this assignment, check out our guide on how to write a literary analysis on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne. References: Hunter, Dianne, Seduction and theory: readings of gender, representation, and rhetoric. University of Illinois Press. 1989. Pgs. 186-187 Schreiner, Samuel A., Jr. The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and the Friendship That Freed the American Mind. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006: 158.ISBN 978-0-471-64663-1 Crowley, J. Donald, and Orestes Brownson. Chapter 50: [Orestes Brownson], From A Review In Brownsons Quarterly Review. Nathaniel Hawthorne (0-415-15930-X) (1997): 175–179. Literary Reference Center Plus. Wineapple, Brenda. Hawthorne: A Life. Random House: New York, 2003: 209–210. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0. Wright, John Hardy. Hawthornes Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008: 47. ISBN 978-1-59629-425-7. McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 136. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7 Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem is my Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 299. ISBN 0-87745-332-2

PBS -- Positive Behavior Support

PBS Positive Behavior Support PBS stands for Positive Behavior Support, which seeks to support and reinforce appropriate behavior in school and eliminate negative, problem behaviors. Focusing on reinforcing and teaching the behaviors that lead to learning and school success, PBS has proven to be significantly better than the old methods of punish and suspend. Using Positive Behavior Support There are a number of successful strategies for supporting positive behavior.  Among them are color behavior charts (as in the illustration,) color wheels, token economies and other means of reinforcing good behavior. Still, the other important components of a successful positive behavior plan include routines, rules, and clear expectations.  Those expectations should be posted in the halls, on classroom walls and all the places students will see them.   Positive Behavior Support can be class-wide or school-wide. Of course, teachers will write behavior plans in collaboration with behavior specialists or psychologists that will support individual students, called BIPs (Behavior Intervention Plans) but a class-wide system will put everyone in the class on the same path. Positive Behavior Support plans can be adapted to support students with disabilities.  By making modifications to the plans, and using the reinforcers designed for the whole school, or the strategy (color chart, etc.) to describe the behaviors and the consequences (i.e. Quiet hands when the clip goes to red.  No calling out when the clip goes to red, etc.)   Many schools have school-wide positive behavior support plans.  Usually, the school has a single set of cues and prompts for certain behaviors, clarity about school rules and the consequences, and means to win prizes or special privileges.  Often, the behavior support plan includes ways that students can win points or school bucks for positive behavior which they can use toward prizes donated by local businesses. Also Known As: Positive Behavior Plans Examples: Miss Johnson started a Positive Behavior Support plan for her classroom. Students receive raffle tickets when they are caught being good. Each Friday she pills a ticket from a box, and the student whose name is called gets to pick a prize from her treasure chest.

Summary and response Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary and response - Research Paper Example In deciding on a child’s future, Newman illustrates that parents acknowledge a picture of a university life that contrasts the one depicted by him. They recognize the margin between Newman’s ideal and the imperfect realities. Instead, they endorse that the margin does not represent a decline. Currently, modern universities enjoy resources that are higher than those enjoyed by Newman’s university are. For instance, they have good lecture halls, concert halls, booking lending facilities, and places of recreation hence influencing parent’s choice. A middle class father invests a lot of money in meeting the tuition fees of 40, 000 dollars and lodging costs for his daughter. However, after four years the daughter emerges with a degree in Women’s Studies. Therefore, it results in a significant waste of a third of a million dollars. It portrays that daughter has ended the university with the same ignorance she had at the start. Currently, many students graduate in soft subjects, which require ideological conformity rather than intellectual growth. Newman explains that most students spend their leisure hours in ways that their parents would not approve. They defend it as the natural result of academic freedom. Newman shows that individuals have the scope, freedom, and habit of association, which enable them to achieve their goals regardless of the established institutions. It is evident in the homeschooling that allow students to work from home. Therefore, it will prevent the heavy expenses incurred by most parents in the education of the children. The author, Roger Scruton, has proficiently written the text that has enhanced my personal understanding of the idea with utmost ease. Scruton provides the background information of who Newman is. For instance, he portrays Cardinal John Henry Newman as a scholar,

Personal financial planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal financial planning - Essay Example However where this healthcare system differs is that the insurance would not be run for profit and healthcare is provided to all people. Beveridge: This system of healthcare owes its namesake to William Beveridge who helped spearhead reforms in Great Britain’s National Health Service. Ultimately funding was to be drawn from taxpayers so the healthcare system becomes a government run institution (Like the fire departments, police forces, schools etc.) Many doctors and hospitals would be run and paid for by the government, and there would be private doctors & specialists who would receive payments from the government. Some hospitals (Such as veterans hospitals) may be run like this in the U.S. but overall this does not closely resemble the overall American system. Medicare: This loosely resembles the Canadian model which is sort of a hybrid of both the Bismarck and Beveridge systems. There exists both a private sector provider (Bismarck) but funding also comes from the governmen t which draws its funding from the tax base (Beveridge). So in essence there is no real incentive to deny claims insofar as there is no incentive to generate a profit.

Groups and Teams Essay Example for Free

Groups and Teams Essay Recall a small team or group you have been a part of. Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper about your experience. †¢Provide a brief description of the team or group. How many members did it include? What was its purpose? †¢Describe the behaviors the team or group exhibited as it went through each stage of development. †¢Describe a problem the team or group encountered. What steps were taken to address and solve the problem? Was the team or group able to generate a successful solution? Why or why not? †¢Discuss the influence that leadership—or the lack of leadership—had on the team’s or group’s ability to solve the problem. What style of leadership did the leader exhibit? What problem-solving steps were taken to resolve the situation? What steps would have produced better results? †¢Explain whether the team or group was effective. Support your position by discussing goals, roles, ground rules, norms, and characteristics your team or group displayed. How did these characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to accomplish its purpose and solve the problem it encountered? †¢Analyze how communication contributed to cohesiveness. Identify and address how diversity or technology affected the team or group members’ ability to communicate with one another to reach a resolution. †¢Explain your thoughts on how goals, roles, ground rules, and norms help determine effectiveness. How did these characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to accomplish its purpose and solve the problem? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

The United Kingdom Essays -- England Economy Politics History Essays

The United Kingdom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It ranks as one of the world?s most historic cities, tracing its roots back nearly 2000 years. London has long been a great world port and trading center. The port of London consists of two huge docks and 43 miles of wharves along the Thames River. London also has a remarkable transportation system. Expressways, and underground and surface railways carry more than one million commuters between the outlying areas and central London each workday. More than 350,000 commuters travel by subway, about 400,000 take surface trains and more than 100,000 go by bus. About 100,000 people drive their cars to work. The London subway system (the ?tube?), is the largest subway system in the world. It includes over 100 miles of underground rail lines. London?s famous double decker busses are an excellent source of transportation within the central section of the city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Kingdom has an area of 244,111 square km and a population of 57,591,677. It?s population density is 241 people per square kilometer. 89% of the United Kingdom?s population is urban. The United Kingdom has a large portion of flat rolling relief, making it ideal for the 11% of the population that is involved in farming. The UK has about 240,000 farms, which average about 175 acres in size. 25% of the UK?s land is arable and the chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock and dairy products. The United Kingdom?s currency is the British pound, which is equivalent to 2.45 Canadian dollars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Kingdom is a member of the European Community. All members of this community are engaged in forming a single market for their economic resources. Forming one market, without artificial barriers to trade and investment, the member nations are able to increase their economic efficiency and raise their citizens? standards of living. The members of the community are Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. In 1993, the member nations of the European Community formed the European Union. The union consists of three components. One is the European Community. The others are a common Foreign and security policy and Justice and Home Affairs (this involves cooperation on such issues as crime and imm... ...on, more than the combined shares of France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. ?All that we expect as a major company is here in the UK.?- Michael Morgan, President and CEO, Starpak inc. When analyzing the various aspects of the United Kingdom, it becomes evident that the UK has many significant advantages over other countries and holds the traits necessary for future expansion. A politically stable and extremely well organized system of government, great relationships and trading arrangements with other nations, tax breaks awarded to new companies and an abundance of skilled workers, are all among the UK?s benefits. The UK is also self-sufficient energy-wise and has a remarkable transportation system. Investing in the UK may be one of the smartest things you have ever done. It is one of the most sound and secure investments available. The best combination of benefits that offer pro-business conditions, work-force cost efficiency and flexibility, minimum risk, and maximum botto m line return are readily available in the UK. ?Britain draws more foreign investment in new factories, research centers and other business operations than any other country in Europe.? The New York Times

Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide

Anthropology 2 Midterm Study Guide: Professor Li Zhang Midterm Date: October 30, 2012 Week 1 What is the scope of cultural anthropology? Discuss its focus of inquiry, approach, and major changes over time. ?Cultural anthropology is concerned with the nature and extent of social and cultural differences among different societies. Focus on Inquiry: Why there are different cultures and how they came about and are affected or changing. Focus on Approach: Approaches could be urban, political, legal, medical, psychological, environmental, feminist, etc. Goals: ?Understanding how differences among societies are shaped. Understanding the unequal power relations between societies produced by colonialism, imperialism and contemporary global practices. ?To compare the perspectives of different societies and how each of them interprets the world. Changes in cultural anthropology over time: ?Used to be a way to proves inferiority of others and justify oppression and ethnocentrism. Now its mostly about being critical of inequality, ? We also do fieldwork in western, ‘developed’ countries. ?There is more globalization now. ?Early anthropology focused on studying isolated, tribal societies. ?Over time they began to study large urban industrial societies. Today the scope of cultural anthropology has expanded into various subdivisions, such as urban political, and medical. Compare the two major schools of early anthropological thought: British social anthropology and French structuralism in terms of their primary concern and focus. British Social Anthropology: ?Emerged in early 20th century. Main founding figure was Malinowski. ?Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard, Gluckman, and Leach also were important figures. ?Two theoretical foundations were functionalism and structural functionalism: 0Functionalism – Explanation of why certain social institutions exist. Explains the cultural responses to basic individual needs that are biological and/or physiological. 0Exa mple: cannibalism may be explained through a survivalist function ?Structural Functionalism – Concerned less with individual needs and actions and more with the place of the individuals in the social order. ?Figures out the relationship of individuals to the larger social body. ?Example: Cannibal Tours – colonists arrived and stripped villages of sacred objects and introduced European monetary system to make the villagers subordinateDuring these early years, social anthropology was deeply intertwined with the British colonial government that provided the financial support for research and teaching in anthropology. The primary interest was in Africa – to study their languages and generate knowledge about their political and legal systems. French Structuralism ?Primary figure in school of thought is Levi Strauss. ?Focused on the elementary structures of kinship, mythology, and language. ?Some concerns include the patterns or underlying structures and how seemingly unrelated things may actually be from a complex system of interrelated parts. Form is emphasized over content. ?The internal logic of a culture and its relationship to the structures of human society and human mind. Comparison: ?Both schools of thought are concerned with studying the structure and layout of the society. ?British social anthropology is concerned more with the relation of the individual to society while French structuralism is concerned with how individuals are connected to one another to form the society (mythologies, language, human mind). Week 2: How does Edward Taylor define â€Å"culture†? Discuss the four key aspects of culture by providing one example for each aspect. Examples can be drawn from the readings, films, or other sources including your own observation. British anthropologist Edward Taylor defines culture as: â€Å"a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society. † The four elements of culture are: 1. Culture is learned. ?Culture can be learned consciously and unconsciously through interacting and imitating the people around us. It can happen in informal settings such as your home, or formal places like churches and schools. Example: as children we learn to imitate words we hear adults speak and learn to speak the language. Proper etiquette is taught by looking at how others behave or from interacting with people who teach it to them. 2. Culture is shared. ?Members of a group share common beliefs, values, memories, and hope. ?Example: American culture is identified with individualism, while Chinese culture is identified with collectivism. This difference can be seen through the food and meals they choose. Americans usually don’t like to share their meals and order individual plates while the Chinese typically share their food and eat family-style. Example: â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari† by Richard Lee 0For Christmas, Lee buys the largest ox to show his gratitude for the Bushmen’s hospitality during his stay. He becomes confused when everyone in the village says that the ox he bought was no good and that is has no meat on it. 0In Bushmen village, it is part of their culture and tradition to insult each other so that people don’t become arrogant. Lee learned this by asking the Bushmen about it, showing how culture is shared by communication and interaction. 3. Culture is symbolic. Creation of culture depends on the human’s ability to use symbols and be able to have symbolic thought. ?We are able to give meaning to a thing or event and grasp the meaning. It can be arbitrary and conventional and depends on the social context that is widely accepted by society. However, the context can vary for each society. ?Examples: -McDonalds has become a symbol of fast food and unhealthy eating in America, but it is viewed as high class and modern in China. ?Colors tend to have symbolic meanings attached to them. Red represents love, yellow represents life, black represents death, etc. . Culture is dynamic. ?Culture isn’t a static cage to lock people in. It is something that changes over time. ?People use their culture creatively and actively instead of rigidly following the rules. ?There are some differences in culture between groups and societies, but the differences aren’t absolute. ?Cultural hybridization allows different cultural traditions and practices to merge together. 0Examples: – Food culture: fusion of food features a combination of different elements of cultures from all over the world. – Western psychotherapy combines Buddhist meditation with western psychology.What is ethnocentrism? Why is it problematic? In your discussion, draw examples from either Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush† or the film Cannibal Tours. How would a diffusionist argue against ethnocentrism? Ethnoce ntrism is the tendency to use one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure other cultural practices and beliefs. †¢Tendency for people to see their own culture as superior and natural. People make judgments according to their own cultural lens, giving them a narrow perspective; they see all other cultures as inferior to theirs.Examples: Cannibal Tours: The western tourists continuously compared the natives’ lifestyle to their own and saw their culture as primitive and backwards. They saw the natives as uncivilized and poor people who lacked the technology they possessed back at home. Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush†: While reading through Hamlet, both the storyteller and the audience exhibit ethnocentrism. What Bohannan took for granted and viewed as common sense were things that the elders did not understand because it didn’t exist in their culture.Ghosts and the afterlife did not exist in the native’s culture, and young people should not fight against their elders. Elders constantly made remarks about the play as if they knew what was going on, believing that they were telling her the true meaning of Hamlet and how her interpretation of Hamlet is actually wrong. According to Franz Boas, no culture is pure and authentic. Instead, cultural boundaries are porous and cultural exchanges have long existed in human societies. 0Diffusionism shows that all cultures are interrelated to one another, so ethnocentrism does not exist. In Ralph Linton’s â€Å"One Hundred Percent American,† he shows that cultures are not 100% from their own country and that culture is diffused and adapted by various places as part of their culture. What is cultural relativism? Discuss its pros and cons. What is your take on it? Support your argument with evidence and analysis. Cultural Relativism is the view opposite of ethnocentrism: believes that one shouldn’t judge the values and practices of other people accordi ng to their own standards. †¢The main idea is to see things from the point of view of those who live their lives.This allows the anthropologist to fully appreciate another culture. Pros: ?Objective approach in doing research; helps anthropologists another culture more thoroughly. ?Promotes unity between cultures and between groups of people in general since it would help people respect and understand each other. Cons: ?Helps justify controversial practices such as female genitalia mutilation, cannibalism, animal sacrifice, etc. *I am of the opinion that cultural relativism is an important philosophy to apply to any anthropological research, however a delicate balance must always strive to be maintained.To me, respect should always be asserted, but human rights should have authority over political correctness. †-malinowski According to Malinowski, what is a holistic approach to doing ethnographic research and why is it important? What constitutes the proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork? Explain three central ethnographic techniques (don’t just list them, but explain in greater detail). A holistic approach in doing ethnographic work is to understand a culture as a whole and all aspects are connected/intertwined and must be understood in relation to one another. The goal of the ethnographer should be to provide an anatomy of the culture, understand the facts and put the focus into a broader context. †¢You must understand that all the small institutions of a culture, such as religion, education, kinship, are all related to one another in order to grasp the meaning as a whole. †¢The proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork is to observe the details of the natives’ family and communal life by staying as close in contact with them as possible and cutting yourself off from the company of anyone else other than the natives.You must immerse yourself into the local society for a long duration because there is a difference b etween sporadic plunging into the company of the natives and really living with them and connecting with them. Three central ethnographic techniques: 1. Observation and participant observation. ?Careful and detailed observation is important to collect data to answer questions, which requires a lot of patience. ?You should try to be objective and keep away from any bias thoughts or else the collected data will be compromised.You must also remember to be invisible and make sure they don’t know they are being observed or else the data will be inaccurate. ?Participant observation is when you participate in events with the natives in order to analyze and take notes. 0This allows you to get closer to the natives and helps you to better understand their culture through your experience and interaction with them. 2. Interviews. ?Interviews involve asking several individual questions to get a better understanding of the culture from a native’s point of view. The goal of the inte rviews is to see a pattern that emerges in the answers you receive. ?Interviews can be informal, semi-structured, or structured. ?Informal interview – an interview that doesn’t follow a straight schedule and takes advantage of the opportunity when it arises. ?Semi-structured / structured interview – interviews that are planned out with the questions you want to ask written down and planned beforehand. 0Semi-structured interviews may have some open ended questions. 0Interviews are the most effective method and are the core of ethnographic research. When you interview people you know, you may get introduced to people that you could possibly interview, and you can therefore gather up more data and opinions for your research. This is called the snowballing effect. 3. Key informants and life histories. ?Also called cultural consultants. These people are important figures that are able to give you more insight and information in various aspects of a culture. 0They are the few people who are willing to tell you more and explain in clear details while incorporating their personal experience to help you understand.Key Informant: Someone you build an amicable relationship with, who acts as a representative of the culture. Generally someone in a high position who will be able to explain the ins and outs of the culture from an intimately informed POV. What are the core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists (discuss at least three)? Why is it important to follow them? The three core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists include: 1. Full disclosure. ?It is important for the anthropologist to be open and honest to the people s/he is studying. Must inform them of every aspect of the study and any consequences that may happen as a result of the study. 2. Informed Consent. ?The people being studied must be well informed about the procedure, and the anthropologist must have them sign a paper or ask for verbal consent before proceeding w ith the study. 0This is to make sure that they have fully agreed to the terms and have proof that they have willingly volunteered themselves. 3. Potential Harm. 0It is the anthropologist’s duty to inform the subject of any consequential harm that may come to them. The anthropologist must ensure not to harm safety, dignity, or privacy of any parties involved. ?It is important to follow the code of ethics in order to avoid any lawsuits and also to make sure that the people being studied are well informed and know exactly what they are signing up for so that no harm will come to them. Week 4: Today most anthropologists recognize that race is a social construct that does not have a biological reality. Discuss how Boas and Montagu each defend this view. What evidence from modern genetics does the film â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion† provide to further support this position?Franz Boas also referred to as the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology,† talks about ra ce as a social construction in his paper, â€Å"Mind of Primitive Man† ? He believes that racial groups never existed, and that races are not as pure as we imagine them to be because migration patterns in the past intertwined cultures together and created diverse groups of people. ?Boas talks about purity and boundedness, stating that biological significance is only possible when races have uniform, closely inbred groups where family lines are alike. However, these conditions can’t be achieved with humans, especially in large populations. He also argues about the instability of populations, meaning that the physical and psychological attributes of people are dynamic and fluctuate constantly to adapt to various circumstances. 0The biological, linguistic, and cultural traits of people are the product of historical development and the environment. Ashley Montagu in her article, â€Å"The Concept of Race in the Human Species in the Light of Genetics,† uses the idea of cooking an omelet as a metaphor for the making of race. 0When an omelet is made, the end result may all look the same, but the ingredients used to make the omelet may vary.This is the basis for the anthropological view of race in that although groups of people may have different appearances and characteristics, everyone is essentially the same. 0His argument is based on modern genetics, stating that no two humans are genetically identical to one another, therefore races cannot categorize groups of people since they don’t share the same genetic background.  ¦Racial characteristics are artificial and have no genetic base. Example of the use of modern genetics in the film, â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion. †¢In the film, a group of students performed an experiment to compare genetic similarities to other classmates using blood samples, skin color, and saliva swaps. The result of the experiment turned out to be different from what they expected. The students found that their genes were most similar to people they least expected, and that there was no correlation between their genetic patterns and their skin color. †¢Dr. Richard Lewontin, with the use of gel electrophesis, found that 85% of all variations among humans are between individuals of the same local population. There is as much difference between two individuals of the same race as there is between individuals of different races, so race can’t be determined biologically. What is scientific racism? Why is it flawed and dangerous? Use one of the examples discussed in the lecture to support your argument (Morton versus Gould or The Bell Curve). How do anthropologists understand gender and patriarchy? Provide two examples (from the lecture or your own observation) to show that gender roles change from society to society and from time to time.Scientific Racism is the attempt to prove â€Å"scientifically† that some â€Å"races† are not just different, but superio r to others. 0Scientific techniques and observations are usually utilized to prove this belief but the collected data is usually inaccurate and tainted with racist beliefs. Example: Dr. Samuel George Morton versus Stephen J. Gould. †¢Samuel George Morton attempted to prove that some races were superior to others by measuring the skulls of people of different races,  ¦He believed that the cranial capacity of the skulls would tell how intelligent people were. His results concluded that white people were the superior race among other groups, because his measurements showed that they had the largest skulls compared to the others. ?Stephen J. Gould repeated the research and found several errors with Morton’s conclusion. 0Morton manipulated his data by including more female skulls for blacks than for whites, so the measurement for the skulls of the blacks turned out to be smaller. 0When Gould measured again fairly, the average size of a black person’s skull turned out to be much larger than the skull of a white person’s. The data was manipulated because of Morton’s bias. His beliefs caused him to already have the results in mind that he wanted, regardless of what is actually true. Example: The Bell Curve 0A book written by Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray: argues that blacks carry inferior genes of intelligence compared to whites, and so they naturally score lower on IQ tests.  ¦Their low IQ scores are what prevent the blacks from attaining a higher level job, and it is also because of their low intelligence that they have a higher crime rate. The controversy that comes with this claim is that if the government agrees with it, then the blacks should not receive social welfare for their low-income families because they are genetically inferior. Scientific racism is usually incorrectly proven using data that has been deliberately altered to support bias beliefs, so the results are not accurate. The danger that can result fro m this if it is actually proven, the groups may be neglected or abused, or at the very least treated with social injustice. Gender – All the traits that a culture assigns to and indicates in men and women. It is a social construct of male and female characteristics and roles. ?Gender differences come from culture rather than biology. ?Patriarchy – A social and political system rule by men in which women have inferior social and political status. 0Females are carried out as subordinates to men in this system. Most common in patrilineal societies (involving counting the descent line of the father’s line, which includes property inheritance, names, titles, etc. ) Examples of gender roles changing between societies and through time: ?Forager/hunter and gatherer societiesThis type of society shows a typical gender division of labor. Men were responsible for hunting and fishing while women were responsible for gathering fruits and nuts. Men would usually bring in more food than women, so the men had a higher social rank in these societies. When women are the ones to contribute more food, then the women would have an equal relationship with the men. ?Agriculture societies Men are assigned to heavy labor such as plowing the field, while women are responsible for domestic work, child rearing, and light far work around the house. These societies tend to have a stronger gender inequality. Industrial societies Gender roles in industrial societies tend to change over time in response to economic conditions and social climates. Before the 1900s, it was common for men, women, and children to work in factories. Things began to change in the 1900s with the large influx of immigrants that increased the male labor force and also brought up ideas that women weren’t fit to work in the factories and should stay home and take care of the kids instead, During WW2, things changed again as men are drafted into the military and women began working in factorie s again to fill the gap.The women’s return to the factory was received in a positive notion and was even viewed as patriotic. What are gender stereotypes? What is the role of advertising in making and reinforcing gender stereotypes and normalcy? Draw two concrete examples from the film (Killing US Softly) in your discussion. Gender stereotypes – oversimplified yet strongly held ideas about the characteristics of men and women. Advertisements mainly target women and girls about beauty and the ideal body they should have, as well as a childlike / quiet demeanor. Many girls express the fear of being fat, and the number one wish of girls between the age of 11-17 is to be thinner. ?Most of the people who suffer from eating disorders are girls who are self-conscious and obsessive about their body. Examples in Killing us Softly: ?Ads of women of color tend to show them with animal prints which turn them into animals rather than human beings. ?Ads about women who lost weight t ypically say they were able to get married because they lost weight.This gives the idea that women who are fat probably won’t ever get married, and this serves to lower women’s self-esteems even further and increase their drive to become skinnier and purchase products to expedite the process. ?Images of thin women are often used to silence women and put them down. ?Ads show pictures of women exhibiting passive body language such as their hands over their mouths and faces. ?When there is an ad of a man and a woman, the man is usually taller and is looking down at the woman, while the woman looks up and smiles compliantly. This encourages female submission to men and conveys the message that women should be quiet and obedient. According to Martin’s article, how do stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts of the egg-sperm romance? Stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts by how the sperm and the egg are described and how they function. ?The sperm is described as masculine, active, agile, and penetrating, while the egg is described as passive, feminine, fragile and dependent. ?The egg is portrayed as a damsel in distress who waits quietly in a still spot for her knight in shining armor, the sperm, to fight his way to her. The female reproductive system is seen as wasteful and a failure while the male reproductive system is seen as productive. ?Scientists question why women are born with so many eggs only to have most of it go to waste, yet the don’t consider the excessive amount of sperm men create as a waste. ?New research found that the sperms aren’t that forceful and what actually matters is that the surface of the egg is what traps the sperm, showing that eggs are more active than previously thought. This shows that the relationship between the egg and the sperm is interactive. Even with this new research, the egg is still viewed in a bad light. ?The more active role of the egg is seen as too aggressiv e and the reproductive system of women as a dangerous place since it tries to kill sperm cells that enter it. How does Ortner explain why women are universally put in an inferior position to men? Do you agree with her argument? Why or why not? Support your view with evidence. Ortner argues that the subordination of women is a universal idea by referring to how a lot of anthropological literatures show accounts of how women are devalued in society. Symbolic acts of women are believed to justify their inferior role. Menstruation is considered a symbolic act that restricts the freedom of women. During a women’s menstruation period, she was not allowed to come near sacred objects because of the fear that she might contaminate them. Menstruation was believed to be a threat of warfare. ?Social and political structures also serve to affect the status of women in societies, and exclude women from participating in areas with people of high authority. ?Women are associated with nature while men are associated with culture, and culture is typically viewed as superior to nature.Men use their creativity to create technology and symbols that are transcendental and last for eternity, while women are restricted by their natural duties that involve reproduction and creating life.  ¦Destruction of life by men has more prestige and is viewed as transcendental, while creation of life by women is regarded as less important.  ¦The things that men create last forever while what women produce are doomed to die.  ¦The reason why women are associated with nature more is because of their physiology, social role, and psyche. ?No I do not agree with Ortner.I believe that these views are socially constructed, and that we’ve evolved past them. Week 5: What are the five different economic systems in the world? Define each briefly. ?Forager: hunting and gathering; moving from place to place; gender roles due to unequal division of labor, egalitarian (old people are respect ed). ?Horticulture: Cultivation with simple tools, fields not permanent property (slash and burn) mobility, depend on rainfall. ?Agriculture: Use animals for food and labor. These groups are less mobile, live in larger and more permanent settlements, and use advanced irrigation systems. Pastoral: Focus on domesticated animals for food; nomadic. ?Industrial: Mechanized forces, factories, and technology for mass production; increased population density. Briefly explain the three basic principles that govern exchanges according to Karl Polanyi. ?The Market Principle: Supply and Demand, Capitalism. Coffee beans they were selling. Export of crop. ?Redistribution: Socialism; Goods move from local level to center: taxation, welfare. Redistributing the pigs and wealth within the people. ?Reciprocity: exchange between those who are socially equal (gift economies); want to give back.What is a moral economy? What is a system of total service defined by Marcel Mauss? ?Moral Economy: A type of e conomy in which economic activities are an integral part of social relations and moral obligations. Economic and non-economic activities and institutions are embedded in one another. Economic activities and exchange systems are governed by conceptions of social justice, norms, and expectations. ?Systems of total service – The exchange is not solely about property and wealth, but also about the social and moral obligations. Part of the more general and enduring contract.According to Marcel Mauss, why does a gift have the special power to cause its recipient to pay it back? ?The Power – Gifts are never â€Å"free,† so they give rise to reciprocal exchanges. The giver does not merely give an object, but also a part of him/herself. This intrinsic bondage weighs on the conscience of the recipient. What is potlatch? How do Ruth Benedict, Marcel Mauss, and Marvin Harris explain why potlatch exists? ?Potlatch means to give away, or a gift; it is a festival ceremony, and its goal is to give away joy and wealth – more than the rival. Explanations – 0Ruth Benedict: Driven by obsession with prestige and status, (because the more that you give the more prestige you claim). 0Marcel Mauss: Compelled by reciprocity, (responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kindness). 0Marvin Harris: Serves an economic purpose (rational cultural adaptation). Says that potlatch is a logical cultural mechanism. Says that participating in potlatches creates a constant flow of goods. Serves as an economic purpose, human social life is a response to practical problems of earthly existence.

Problem in the United States

Smuggling has been a problem in the United States for many years. The continuous breaching of our borders may one day allow the smuggling of something that could cause massive destruction and death to our country. It is easy to see how the smuggling of something as innocuous as a specific flower or bush can be a problem when it infiltrates the native environment and kills off many different species. But smuggling is not limited to this. There is also the continuous smuggling of drugs and people into this country that causes many problems. Although many people who are smuggled into the United States do so to work or to be with their family, there is a large percentage of them that are forced into prostitution or some other form of slavery. This paper will look at these specific cases of smuggling and determine what, if anything can be done about it. Smuggling is done for many reasons. Generally when something is smuggled, it is smuggled over an international border and it is smuggled for many reasons; either to avoid paying taxes, because the item is illegal, or, in the case of people, because they are not supposed to be there. As an example of this, it is estimated that millions of dollars worth of cigarettes are smuggled every year. These cigarettes are not necessarily smuggled into the United States from another country, but from other states, in which the taxes are low. A carton of cigarettes may be as cheap as $20 in a state like Virginia, and in states like New York, where the cigarette taxes are very high, making the total cost of a carton $75 can lead to a profit for the smuggler of about $40 per carton. The smuggling of cigarettes from one state to another is fairly simple. There are not any customs officials to pass through, and if the smuggler gets pulled over, it is very unlikely that the police officer would search his or her trunk, where the cartons may be. But getting over international borders is usually more difficult, and the smugglers have evolved certain strategies for not getting caught. One way smugglers pass over the border is with the use of small, private planes. The smuggler can fly into the country undetected, allowing whatever he is smuggling into the country. They are also small boats smugglers can use to get themselves from a specific country to the United States. These boats are known as â€Å"go-fast† boats and can be used to smuggle anything from drugs to people. And one way to smuggle that we are seeing more and more are the use of tunnels. A smuggler may hire someone to dig tunnels underground, allowing nearly anything to be passed from one country to the next without having to go through customs. More daring smugglers, however, will hide whatever it is that they are smuggling and attempt to get through customs this way. They may hide it on their bodies or under their clothes, inside themselves, in their cars, or in the bodies of animals that may be traveling with them. Like the more clandestine ways, this way of smuggling is rampant, as evidenced by the massive amount of smugglers caught each year while trying to go through customs. Smuggling has consequences for everyone. Of course, the smugglers, assuming they do not get caught, make out better than anyone. Usually the practice of smuggling is very lucrative. The profits from illegal drugs and cigarettes and the trafficking of humans provide smugglers with billions of dollars every year. As long as the profit margin is high, there will always be people illegally smuggling. The â€Å"war on drugs† must be concerned with the smuggling problem. But the question of how to win the war on drugs is an interesting one. If by winning the drug war it is meant the eradication of all drugs, then the United States has surely lost. There are still people, usually those directly involved with the drug war, that still think we should keep fighting the war as we always have been. But there has been now over a trillion dollars spent on the war on drugs and drugs today are more potent and making larger profits than ever. The people benefiting most from the war on drugs are the smugglers and the drug dealers themselves. The fact remains that all throughout human history, intoxicants have been used in one degree or another, so why would we think people today are any different? By this definition of the war on drugs the United States, on all counts, has lost. There is another way to win the war on drugs and that is to turn it into a war on smugglers and drug dealers. People are going to always be looking for ways to alter their consciousness. Everyone does it; whether you work out, or take heroin, the point is to feel better. Drugs are not going away. Drugs like marijuana and meth, which can be produced by anyone, will always be with us. By regulating drugs, and making the tax on them universal, the drug dealers and the smugglers would be put out of business. We cannot change how people feel, or what they want to do. All we can do is deter them from doing it. So the question becomes, what is the best way to deter them? We could threaten them with jail, but this obviously does not work, as nearly 80 percent of people in jail are there in some way for drugs. So we could decriminalize and regulate the drugs, putting gangs, dealers and smugglers out of business and using the profits from the sale of the drugs to educate people about their effects. This form of deterrence would be more much more humane and effective than how the war has been fought thus far.

journalism essays

journalism essays Since 1968 America has been better enlightened than previously concerning current events and happenings around the world. A considerable factor for this occurrence is the television program 60 Minutes which debuted on the air in September of 1968. Many other television newsmagazines have been produced since its creation, however none have possessed the longevity nor the influence of 60 Minutes. In fact, 60 Minutes, which is owned by CBS News, was the first regular network news program to cover actual stories as opposed to topics. Today, similar newsmagazines can be seen every night of the week on various stations, all of which were sparked by the inception of 60 Minutes. All of the tabloid television programs being shown today are also a result of 60 Minutes and its bold, gutsy, "gotcha" style of television journalism. 60 Minutes changed the way that the American public receives its television news, stemming forth a whole new format of television broadcast journalism. 60 Minutes has a vast history of stories covered, yet the format has remained unchanged. Don Hewett, creator and producer of 60 Minutes, has been the subject of much criticism for his stubbornness. Since its origin, 60 Minutes has continued to adhere to the same formula that made it such a success. The hidden-camera interviews, the surprising of unsuspecting alleged crooks with a bombardment of questions, the longevity of the featured reporters, all of these are what made 60 Minutes a successfinishing in the top 10 Nielson ratings for 17 consecutive seasons and counting. Other than the fact that it changed from black- and-white to color with the new technology, the appearance of 60 Minutes has remained consistent. There is no reason to change a thing about such a prosperous show according to Hewitt. Not only has the format remained constant but the reporters have as well. ...

How to Invent Names for Your Genre Novel

How to Invent Names for Your Genre Novel How to Invent Names for Your Genre Novel How to Invent Names for Your Genre Novel By Mark Nichol You have a great concept for a science fiction, fantasy, or horror novel, but when it comes to crafting names of people, places, and things you’ve invented, you stumble. Fortunately, it’s easier than you might think to assign identities: If you’re a world-building writer you are creating a fully realized realm with discrete cultures and languages construct names so that they are clearly distinct from those of other locations and consistent with others found in the same areas. If you want to suggest parallels with cultures and languages here on Earth, choose names that will evoke them without imitating them think of letter and sound combinations, the preponderance of various vowel pairings and consonant blends, and whether words tend to be curt or complex. Use names that convey a feeling: Guttural consonants suggest belligerence, cruelty, and evil in people, and harsh, hostile weather and topographical features. Multisyllabic, mellifluous monikers make one think of benevolent people and beautiful places. Let the name of a person or a place suggest personality or ambience, or physique or geography. Do names in your invented culture consist of one word, two words, or more? Does this number vary according to social class, or are words similar to royal titles built into names to signal social status? Do surnames in the culture identify trades or skills, equivalent, for example, to Taylor and Smith? Do people use different forms of address depending on relative social standing? Think of how surnames in different languages, especially those stemming from Indo-European, have elements known as particles: Latinate languages, for example, have Le, La, De, Du, and the like, while German and Dutch have Von and Van and Gaelic has M’, Mc, and Mac as well as O’. What particles might your characters’ language have, and why do some names lack them? (A note of caution: Apostrophes are overused in fantasy fiction, sometimes to an absurd extent. Use them judiciously or not at all.) What does the name mean? When reusing a particular syllable, take care that it is appropriate. For example, if twell means â€Å"river,† the syllable shouldn’t appear in the name of a valley unless the valley’s name means â€Å"valley of the river.† And if names are similarly constructed sharing a syllable or a pattern of two or more words those people or places or things should share a common culture or language, but make sure you don’t have too many similar names, or ones that begin with the same letter. Note that on the planet we come from, people who speak different languages have different versions of names for people (Paul vs. Pablo) places (Germany vs. Deutschland), and things (wine vs. vino). Sometimes, words are adopted into other languages, and sometimes they’re not. There’s no reason the rules for the world you build should be any different. Keep in mind, too, how languages evolve (and sometimes become extinct): The name sprawled across a 1,000-year-old map of a kingdom will likely differ somewhat from the name used in the present time. Spelling changes should be consistent with others in the story: If a topographical name’s vowel shifted over time from e to a, then a character’s ancient near namesake probably spelled their name with an e, not an a. To create new names, take a name or another word from English or another known language and change one letter or consonant blend, or replace one or more syllables. Don’t hesitate to assign truncated or diminutive forms of names (equivalent to Jon, from Jonathan, or Timmy, from Timothy), or nicknames. Also, one or two names out of many might replicate or closely resemble names in known languages, but more than that will be distracting. Use Scrabble tiles, magnetized letters, or alphabet blocks to spontaneously form words, or type random letters until a likely syllable or entire word is generated. Alternatively, if you’re the cheating type, or these suggestions don’t work for you, search online for a random name generator. Even in a fantasy realm, names need to be realistic. Superman had a nemesis whose name I can’t even type (or search for online) because it consists of a string of consonants that defy my efforts to reconstruct it. The idea was that the villain was as annoying and contrary as his unpronounceable name suggests, but characters must be able to articulate the words you invent. Remember, somebody christened each person’s name, and some society bestowed each name of a geographical feature on that place and on each practical object within it. The final step, before inserting a name into a story, is to do an online search for it. If another author has already used the word, or it ends up being the Romanian term for slime, alter or jettison it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether7 Patterns of Sentence StructurePeople vs. Persons

Human Resource Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example Many employees are unable to balance their personal life with their work and this mix up is often the leading cause of stress amongst the employees. This also contributes to reduced performance as an employee fails to concentrate in the workplace as a result of the interference with the personal life. If the company is able to provide an environment where employees are able to balance these two different but yet demanding aspects of themselves and blend them to work in unison almost perfectly, then the employees will concentrate more in their work and increase their performance. They will also be in a better position and state of mind to deal with their personal lives and any crisis they may be undergoing without it interfering with their work. Resilience training is where the employees are presented with many different challenges in their workplace in a form of training and are taught how to handle all these challenges without them breaking their work spirit or enthusiasm and without having to show it to their customers as it might affect the feedback. The training is meant to make them much more focused in their work despite what is happening in the surrounding. It will enable them improve their decision making ability in order to enable them make the best decisions at all times. The resilience training is also meant to improve their clarity of problems, crises and challenges in the workplace as well as be more creative and especially when pressed with other matters. Work is done in the same way all the time creates monotony and minimizes or completely kills motivation of the employees in the workplace affecting negatively their performance and productivity of the organization. When the employer creates different opportunities which will make the workplace much more interesting hence reducing the monotony, the employees start valuing and enjoying their work. When employees feel valued and enjoy

Human Rights and democratic society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Human Rights and democratic society - Essay Example The various conflicts and revolutions in the world have shaped the concept of human rights as we know it. In the last two hundred and fifty years, we see the clamor for human rights as the clamor of a world and of the various peoples inside it for equality and freedom. Starting with the French and American revolutions towards the latter part of the eighteenth century, it is this very notion of human rights that has led colonized states and revolutionary movements to assert their voices and fight for their freedoms against oppressive and despotic governments - from the Tiananmen Square uprising in China to the struggle of the East Timorese against Indonesian occupation. All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis. While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms. When the United Nations was created in 1948 by a world still reeling from the ravages of the Second World War and intent on healing the wounds wrought by it, it was tasked to become the primary agency in defining and advancing human rights. From then on, various other agencies were created, addressing specific human rights concerns. Notable examples of this are the International Labor Organization and the UNICEF. However, the universality of human rights has oftentimes been challenged by critics on the allegation that the Western bias is very much evident, and that the popularity of it in recent times is nothing more than the remnants of a neocolonial attitude purveyed by the crafty and bought by the undiscerning. A refutation of this was attempted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1968 through a study that demonstrated that "the profound aspirations underlying human rights correspond to concepts - the concepts of justice, an individual's integrity and dignity, freedom from oppression and persecution, and individual participation in collective endeavors - that are encountered in all civilizations and periods." Some Islamic scholars like Safi (2000) remain unconvinced: The pragmatic arguments for the universality of human rights are problematic, because they either completely overlook the significant impact cultural differentiation has on values and perceptions, or ignore the fact that agreements through UN reflect, more often than not, political compromises by political elites, rather than normative consensus. Further, many of the ruling elites who pretend to speak on the behalf of the peoples of the developing world lack political legitimacy and public support, and have embraced ideological outlooks at odds with the surrounding cultures. In the absence of genuine democracy in the countries of the South, no one can

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the 21st Essay

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the 21st century is to facilitate management of culture within organiz - Essay Example Proceeding from this, it is necessary to find a fundamentally new approach to priorities. The most important factor within any organization is its employees, and consumers -outside it. There is a strong need to turn the consciousness of workers towards the consumer, but not towards their supervisors, towards profit, but not wastage; towards the initiative, but not the indiscriminate fulfillment. It is necessary to make a way to social norms, based on sound economic sense, and do not forget about morality. The modern concept of development of production lies in the fact that the maximum productivity, quality and competitiveness can be achieved only by means of personal involvement of every employee; such strategy can stimulate each employee to improve the production process at their workplace first, and at the enterprise as a whole in the future. Involving staff in the process of production improvement makes a creative atmosphere and becomes a powerful motivator for staff to work that allows each employee to reveal their experience and creative ability. The central element underpinning the management is the professional nature of modern organizational management in economy of market. The term â€Å"manager† implies professional governors hired (Bach, 2005). In fact, it is a kind of social stratum, which plays a prominent role in society. What is the professional human resource manager? Since corporate culture generates the responsibility and the ability of people - a competitive advantage, the personnel manager has the following strategic objectives, which must be addressed. Nowadays, first of all, HR manager should possess some special knowledge and skills in the field of production and management, ability to work with people in different spheres of activity. Managers’ activity (regardless of rank and scope) is focused on finding and managing resources, ensuring effective and sustainable development of the organization, taking into account the lon g-term perspectives. It is important to creating competitive advantages through increased level of responsibility of personnel, using the means associated with the management of corporate culture. High corporate culture is able to attract and retain staff, establish the company's reputation, attract high- skilled workers and consumers, as well (Jaffee, 2001). Desire to update and adapt corporate culture to the changing conditions of the environment requires the provision of mutual respect between consumers and employees, continuous improvement of working conditions of staff. Employees’ involvement in various activities, related to marketing, contributes to their self-esteem (especially professional), the development of personal initiative, improve personal effectiveness. HR-service, along with other business units, should perform a variety of functions - from providing basic operations to strategic planning to succeed. However, many specialists in human resources management c ommit common mistakes - they tend to focus their attention either on strategic components of management exclusively or on tactical, while it is important to balance the strategic and tactical actions (Jaffee, 2001). One of the main strategies of the HR manager is providing a competitive advantage over other companies, with the help of diligent capacity building, promoting the growth of the employees' competence in the professional sphere. Nowadays the activity of HR-managers can

Via Verde Case Study Analysis

Via Verde Case Study Analysis Introduction The sustainability in real estate development is fundamental, however, what kind of manner can be sustainable in it is more crucial (Kwame, Liow, and Neo, 2009). In real estate development, this case study has discussed about affordable housing through ten aspects: site, concept, development team, development and approval process, development finance, planning and design, sustainability and healthy living, sales and leasing, management and performance, and observation and lessons learned. Ultimately, notifying some challenges that development might face. Via Verde is a project from the New York City about regeneration the brownfield in Bronx with 222 units mixed-income affordable housing development for rental and ownership with a healthier lifestyle to address health issues, and leads to a new recycling neighbourhood. It is a good example in affordable housing which involves both public and private sectors and city agencies who play key roles on approval and financing. In regulatory management, it performs well. Via Verde had components against green regulation of the city, however, city authorities permit amnesty, which conducts feasibility and flexibility of development. In terms of regulation, it was instituted and had no barrier to develop this project. The decision of planning is through the competition to select the most innovative and creative proposal for the unique site with lots of public and private sectors involved into it in financial, regulatory, planning, material aspects to produce maximum outcome with limited sources. Goals Via Verde planned to create an innovative, high-quality and sustainable housing for mixed-income family with affordable rental or ownership housing. It wants to achieve goal about healthy lifestyle to address problems of high rate of asthma and obesity in children in South Bronx area by green roof, open areas and motivated encouragement of outdoor activities, such as, vegetable garden, green club or indoor fitness centre, which providing resident a location or motivation to involve into green programme and rebuild their lifestyle. The Site Via Verde locates in northeast of Manhattan which is roughly 6.5 miles to the south to midtown Manhattan with fully developed tube and bus system. It sites in the South Bronx, which is one of New Yorks boroughs. It is four blocks away from the nearest tube station, and several bus routes nearby, which are easily access by foot or bike. However, the site is a long narrow and 1.5- acre triangle at the corner of a block, it is hard to develop as a massive affordable housing. In terms of educational aspect, there are some schools nearby, and colleges, where are easy to reach. Via Verde locates in a well location with well life functions, one of the largest park in the city, commercial centre on the nearby station. In 1960s and 70s, the area was suffered by high percentages of crime, especially violence and urban decay with high rates of residents outflow. A wave of arson fires had destroyed lots of buildings and left vacant, ultimately, were obtained by the city- public authority. In the late 1980s, communities have started regeneration and rehabilitation in this area with building new housing and improvement of facilities. The population had declined from roughly 1.47 million to 1.17 million and it has rebounded to 1.41 million by 2013. Bronx is known as poverty, the poorest borough in five of New York City. Large amount of working class family here with around $35,000 income, which is lowest in New York City and 28.5% of residents live in poverty. Therefore, Via Verde development has changed the decay of this area in 2009. The Concept The first process-stage of Via Verde project is as an entry in New York Housing competition, which is sponsored by public sectors and non-profit organization- the city of New York Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), the New York city chapter of American Institute of Architects, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and Enterprise Foundation. It was the first competition for affordable housing and sustainable housing in the city. The competition was held in 2006 with some aspects and requirements- provoking innovative design and planning to address the housing production issues, resolving affordability, sustainability, transferability, and viability, illustrating how to lower cost of building, and fostering healthy, affordable with well-designed dwelling. 5 out of 32 teams with developers and architects were selected into the final competition, they were requested to refine the proposal of their design. Ultimately, a team with two developers and two architects were chosen to build this project with support by the city and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has provided $145,000 for environmental uses and improvement. Private city agencies play a key role as representatives in this project after competition to look after in approvals and financing process, maintaining the quality and the innovative features. Instead of using their own ideas, local communities also provide their aspects of affordable housing and green design and healthy living components to development team. The Development Team The two developers in the team are Phipps Houses and Jonathan Rose Companies. Phipps Houses is one of the oldest developer in New York City, which has developed lots of projects of affordable housing, focusing on human development to foster better residency for community and residents. Jonathan Rose Companies is a national integrated real estate company with investment management, development, project management, and planning, which concentrating on developing resilient communities. The designers are Dattner Architects and Grimshaw Architects. Dattner specializes in housing and educational, creative and innovative urban design. Contrary, Grimshaw has been worked in Bronx for many years for revitalization, a local firm which may understand the environment and residency better. This team with two developers and two architects has fully achieved primary conditions of Via Verde project, focusing on green programme, residents, community, affordable housing and localized company. The Development and Approval Process The narrow site which belongs to the city was hard to develop, additionally, the project required unusual approvals for developing, planning and environmental remediation. The city agencies who had responsibility to check the process, in terms of the unique features, it is fundamental for the project to have city agencies shepherd it. This project was supported by the city authority, which is easier for unique development like Via Verde, especially in regulation. The massive development with 222 units wasnt allowed to build in this narrow site, which needed amnesty for it. The development team coped with authorities and solved the problems together, conducting the feasibility of this project. It had more flexible process in the development than others. However, there was parking issue, normally, the residential development is required to build with parking lot, the site of Via Verde was too small for such huge amounts of residents. Nevertheless, the development team has successfully argued about it with the location where is easy to access public transportation, including tube and buses, additionally, there is a huge parking garage nearby. Eventually, the project is accepted without parking in Via Verde. The community from this area had proposed their desire to the development team, they were looking forward to addressing issues of Bronx through Via Verde project. They wish to have affordable housing with for-sale component and resolving the health issues in high rate of childhood asthma. Development Finance Paul Freitag, managing director of Jonatha Rose Companies, which is one developer of the Via Verde project, asserts that development of affordable housing is difficult and complex from different aspects, such as, financing, and planning. However, this project has supported by several different resources, such as, grants, loans, tax, credits, and other funding mechanisms from 19 public, private and non-profit authorities and organizations. Fortunately, the development team obtained the site for $1 from NYC Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) to support affordable housing. The development of Via Verde had arranged with $98.8 million, which were divided into co-op and rental parts, roughly $32 million was arranged to build 71 units of co-op housing for middle-class family, and there was taxable bonds from the New York City Housing Development Corporation (HDC) with floated rate during construction from JP Morgan Chase line of credit, and supporting by HDC, HPD, the borough presidents office, the New York City Council, the New York State Affordable Housing Corporation and NYSERDA. The $66.6 million was assigned for the rest 151 units of rental which were for low-class family, and taxable bonds from HDC with same condition for co-op, 9% federal low-income housing tax credits (LIHTCs) from New York State Homes and Community Renewal and HPD, supporting by HDC, the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Affordable Housing Programme, and NYSERDA. Eventually, the project exceeded 10% more in cost than expected, mostly used for green features in brownfield remediation, due to poor geographical conditions. Planning and Design The goals of this project are healthier lifestyle and sustainable housing for range incomes households through numerous outdoor activities, good views, and lots of experiences which residents may never had. Three buildings built with good view and facing south, which is better absorbing solar energy. Not only the solar panels on the roof, but also green roof with vegetable and fruit garden provides residents plant and social. Via Verde is designed for rental and ownership, and there is no barrier between them. The developers planned to build a completely new form of affordable housing, instead of red bricks in the past, they selected prefabricated panels with colourful design, which are localized manufacture. Besides, windows are large and operable for good ventilation indoor. Surprisingly, they utilized waterproof layer from localized company with official certificated by LEED programme. From the green rood, windows, air ventilation, waterproof layer, these designs are toward to create a sustainable and healthy residency. Sustainability and Healthy Living The green roof of Via Verde provides not only a place to plant, but also to exercise. Besides, outdoor activities area, there is also an indoor fitness with variety of classes for residents. The design is sufficiently for environmental sustainability on saving energy and cost by using and doing recycling, such as, trash recycle, rainwater recycle system, solar energy system, material choosing, and encourage residents take stairs instead of lifts. From the beginning, the main goal of development is to address health issues in this area. The location provides good motivation for residents to walk more, with tube, school and green parks nearby, which may help to improve it. Additionally, medical centre and pharmacy are located in the ground floor. Sales and Leasing The 151 units of rental are 30 years leasing, earning 40-60 % of area median income, on the other hand, 71 units of co-ops are earning 70-100 %. Management and Performance Via Verde provides variety of activities to motivate residents in healthy lifestyle, such as, vegetable garden where they can grow natural vegetable and fruit and cheaper price of organic food for them, exercises club to encourage them. In the garden club, which is supported and educated by non-profit organization-Grow NYC in sustainable and professional manners. Community gardens, environmental education and recycling programme, these are associating with neighbourhoods to support and modify residents into healthier lifestyle. Via Verde has established a wide range classes community, they are equal, having no barrier, all residents can entrance any common areas or use common facilities. Owners and renters can be member of garden club. There are social events to increase relationship between residents and emphasize the goals of Via Verde. Such as, volunteering to involve communitys events. Annual newsletter provides communication between residents and management, residents are able to transmit their thoughts directly. When the conflicts happen, staff can conclude it instantaneously, which build communication between either residents or management with anytime concierge allowing residents to question or discuss about their considerations and problems. Unlike accustomed affordable housing which normally leads to disappointed and seldom be materialized, Via Verde has evolved into completely new kind of affordable housing with variety of services and events, free dry cleaning for residents fully reserves the expectation of affordable housing. Observation and lessons learned Via Verde has successfully become model of affordable housing development with financial feasibility, and critical acclaim around the USA. Traditionally, there are three forms of affordable housing, developers prefer low-rise, mid-rise is more common, contrary, high-rise is usually seen as faulty for affordable housing from past experiences, especially in huge public projects. However, Via Verde with high-rise component reverses it. With these conditions, Via Verde explosively attracts people, it was designed as rental units, surprisingly, people intend to buy them. Via Verde project wants to build a healthy lifestyle with mixed-income level community in order to address and revitalize poverty issue around South Bronx, resolving problems of health, and more sustainable and vigorous. As a model of affordable housing, Via Verde truly presents and illustrates the cooperation and collaboration between public and private sectors. However, there were difficulties in this development, residents are lack of knowledge in green notion, which is hard for them to adapt into recycling concept. The success of Via Verde is extraordinary, which leads impression changes in affordable housing. Real estate development has stridden forward to another level with higher quality, more comfortable design and planning of affordable housing. Challenges This is a massive project with huge number of units and unique requirements. It is difficult for developers to build 222 units into a narrow, triangle brownfield, which needs innovative and creative ideas to achieve. The model which includes all information has proved the feasibility of the development with acceptable financing and flexible development team and authorities. The aims are healthier lifestyle through recycling and more exercises and organic vegetable or fruit. However, difficulties are lack of knowledge in green lifestyle, and adapting into rules. Via Verde received lots of resources from public and private authorities. In order to replicate the same success from Via Verde, others need to consider about sources which may not be same as them. Conclusion The model of Via Verde development clear in information, however, it is ambiguous about difficulties, and how they convinced funding and planning and decision making. Real estate development is a wide and comprehensive scenario, which involves different kind of people, such as, developers, architects, agents, planners, government, and engineers to frame and accomplish. In this case study of affordable housing, stakeholders are mostly pubic authorities, they did not have significant problems. Except zoning issue that size of site didnt conform to the regular regulation, however, authority has given amnesty permission for it, additionally, parking issue, the flexibility of development has successfully coped with it. Once development is facing some issues, public and private sectors will need to figure out and adapt to solutions, and it would sufficiently prove the feasibility of development. The sustainability of development with persistent encouragement and learning is fundamental. Affordable housing isnt always like what we expect, it can be completely different and well with good development. This case study demonstrates how real estate development brings a long-term and sustainable notion into affordable housing through wide range of consideration. References Kwame, A. D., Liow, K. H., Neo, Y. S., 2009. Sustainability of Sustainable Real Property Development.   Sustainable Real Estate, [e-journal] 1(1). 203-225. Available through: University College London Library website [Accessed 18 December 2016]. ULI, 2014. ULI Case Studies-Via Verde. [online] Available at: [Accessed 20 December 2016].